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本科毕业论文英文题目及英文摘要撰写指导 发布时间:2019-06-14 10:05:04
本科毕业论文英文题目及英文摘要撰写指导
毕业论文是本科生对大学所学知识的总结性作业,又是申请学士学位的前提和依据。在系统介绍学术论文的英文题目及摘要撰写相关知识的基础上,本文对目前本科毕业论文英文题目及摘要撰写中存在的共性问题进行了系统分析和归纳,并对如何解决这些问题提出有效的应对策略。其主要内容如下:
第一部分:本科毕业论文英文题目撰写的常见问题及对策
一、本科毕业论文英文题目撰写的常见问题
二、本科毕业论文英文题目的拟订原则及撰写技巧
第二部分:本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写的常见问题及对策
一、本科毕业论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求
二、本科毕业论文英文摘要的要素与撰写步骤
三、本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写常见问题实例分析
四、本科毕业论文英文摘要常用句型
第一部分:本科毕业论文英文题目撰写的常见问题及对策
论文的题目(title)是论文内容的高度概括, 其撰写要求为准确(accuracy),简练(brevity),和清晰(clarity),即题目撰写的A B C原则。同时英、汉语题目在语言结构和词序安排上有其相同之处,也存在许多不同的特点。由于对以上原则和特点不能正确理解和掌握,许多本科毕业论文的英文题目撰写出现了如下问题:
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英文题目不符合英文词序习惯
如:“基于MFC的服务器管理系统的设计”,其原英文题目译为:“The Server Resource Management System Based on MFC Design”;其正确的词序应当是:(The)Design of the Server Resource Management System Based on MFC 。
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英文题目没有正确表达汉语题目的含义
如:“工厂物流设计及其在企业中的应用”,其原英文题目译为:“Application of Factory Logistics Designing in Enterprise”; 为准确表达汉语标题的含义,应当改为:Design of Factory Logistics and Its Application in Enterprise 。
3、英文题目中字母大小写不符和规则
这部分的问题主要表现为对英文的实词、虚词、及引导动词不定式的“to”分类不清,从而致使英文标题的大小写不够一致。
英文题目的撰写既要保证语言结构和词序排列的正确,又要符合意义表达的A B C原则,遵循如下要求:
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名词性题目
英文题目通常由名词性短语构成,即由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语或后置定语构成,因此标题中一般出现名词、形容词、介词、冠词和连词,若出现动词,一般是现在分词、过去分词或动名词。如:在英文题目Solidification of Sn-Pb Alloy Droplets Prepared by Uniform Droplet Spray(通过均匀喷涂产生锡铅合金微粒的固化)中,Solidification是名词; Prepared by …是过去分词短语; 都用于修饰Alloy Droplet。
撰写英文题目时一个简单有效的方法是寻找出一个可以反映论文核心内容的主题词,依次进行扩展成为名词短语,使之包含论文的关键信息,并注意词语间的修饰要恰当。并且每条标题一般是10-12个词, 最多不要超过25个词。如还不能足以概括全文内容,可用副标题加以补充说明。如:Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS (SARS的实验室诊断);First International Conference on Wireless Innovations:New Technologies and Evolving Policies (首届国际无线改革会议—新技术与进展政策)。需要说明的是如果论文题目是疑问句,句尾一般有问号;但如果是完整的陈述句,句尾没有句号。
2、Study、Report、Aim等词的位置和首位冠词的省略
英文标题中各个词的顺序安排有个是否符合语言习惯的问题。在英文题目中如A Study of/on…(of和on可互换,意义相同),A Report of/on…, The Survey of/on…, The Observation on/of…,The Design of…, The Research on…等词一般放在标题的首位; 而在汉语标题中这些词相应的汉字多放在标题的末尾。如:The Research of Special Surface in 3-Dimensional Euclidean Space (三维欧氏空间中特殊曲面的研究).
近年来英文题目趋向简洁,其中位于首位的冠词(The ,An,A等)往往可以省略。如:Research on Special Surface in 3-Dimensional Euclidean Space (首位的The 省略)
再有,现代科技论文标题越来越趋势简明扼要。在不影响意义的前提下,位于英文标题首位的A Study of, Report of, Research on, The Survey of, Design of, The Observation on等词往往可以略去不用。如下面的例句中位于首位的A Study of就被省略了。
The Increase of Endurance of Muscular Strength of Primary and Secondary School Students (对中小学生肌肉耐力增长趋势的研究)
3、英文题目书写的大小写规则
英语的十大词类分为实词和虚词:实词包括名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词和数词,它们在句中可以单独担任某一句子成分;虚词包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词,它们在句中不能单独担任某一句子成分。
本科毕业论文英文题目的大小写规则如下:
1)实词大写虚词小写。如:Body Language and Human Communication
2)位于首位或末尾的虚词也大写。 如:On the Principles of Tourism
3)位于标题中冒号之后的副标题的首位词首字母大写。
如:Efficacy of Partial Meal Replacement Products:A Meta and Pooling Analysis (部分饮食替代品的效能—汇总合并分析)
4)五个字母以上的虚词通常也大写。
如:The People Without a Country
5)由连字符“-”连接的复合词的各词中,实词的首字母大写。
如:The English-Speaking People in Quebec
6)在科技论文的题目中,引导动词不定式的“to”字母T通常大写。如:Compounds To Be Tested
需要说明的是英文题目的大小写还有两种情况, 但不适用于本科毕业论文。 一是题目的所有字母都大写;二是在有些专业杂志中,题目中只有第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写,但专有名词的首字母仍大写。
如:Dietary cholesterol is co-carcinogenic for human colon cancer
(胆固醇饮食—人类结肠癌的协同致癌因素)
Is treatment of borderline hypertension good or bad? (治疗临界型高血压是利是弊?)
第二部分:本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写的常见问题及对策
一篇论文的摘要在本质上就是一篇浓缩的论文,它是作者对研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括,其结构与论文的主体结构相对应。2007年4月以来,通过参加学校、学院对本科生毕业论文撰写的检查工作,我们先后从各专业抽选了200余篇论文的英文摘要进行了深入研究,发现目前本科毕业论文的英文摘要存在的问题有涉及结构内容方面的,有涉及句法词法方面的,也有涉及时态语态方面的。下面我们首先对论文英文摘要的种类、功能与结构和英文摘要撰写的一般原则和基本步骤做以介绍;接下来对本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写中的常见问题做出归纳并进行实例分析和提出相应解决方法。
1、摘要的种类与结构
摘要一般分为两类:信息性摘要和指示性摘要。当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
1)信息性(报道性)摘要(Informative Abstract)
信息性摘要即报道性摘要,也称资料性摘要,它是原文内容要点的具体总结,主要由四个部分组成:(1)研究的目的(Objective or Purpose);(2)研究的过程与采用的方法(Process and Method);(3)主要成果或发现(Results or Findings);(4)主要结论和推论(Conclusion)。有的摘要的第一部分还包括背景介绍(Background)。实际上,信息性摘要是论文的高度浓缩,相当于论文的简介或概要。本科毕业论文的摘要按其种类来讲应当属于信息性摘要。
(信息性摘要范文请见第6-7页:第二部分;二;至 1、摘要的要素)
2)指示性摘要(Indicative Abstract, Descriptive Abstract)
指示性摘要即介绍性摘要,也称陈述性摘要。它主要介绍论文的论题,或者概括表述研究的目的,用简单几句话使读者对论文所研究的主要内容有一个概括的了解,不需要介绍方法、结果、结论等具体内容,也不需要用数据进行定量描述。指示性摘要只讲述论文的主题思想,不涉及或很少涉及细节问题,但要指明文献的论题和所取得的成果的性质及所达到的水平。下面就是一篇题目为英语写作教学与大学生综合素质培养论文的英文题目及其指示性摘要的范文。
Title: Teaching of English Writing and Cultivation
of University Students’ Comprehensive Quality
Abstract: Based on the theories of English language learning, the concept of quality education, and the authors’ teaching experience of English writing, this paper expounds the function of English writing in the cultivation of university students’ comprehensive quality from such aspects as language proficiency, logical thinking, and a rigorous work style.
一般情况下,作者应首选信息性摘要,因为它具体而实用。但多数摘要并不完全是信息性或指示性的,常常是二者相结合。信息性摘要中加入指示性叙述可使摘要简明,指示性摘要中加入信息性内容又使摘要详细,二者互补,使摘要既能充分反映论文最重要的事实与概念,又能节省篇幅。 摘要的长度应根据文献及摘要的用途而变化。一般来讲 ,指示性摘要以100-150 words 为宜。而学术论文的信息性摘要的长短约为正文字数的2%至3%;国际标准化组织建议不少于250个词,最多不超过500个词。本科毕业论文摘要可以说是信息性摘要的扩展。我校大学生毕业设计(论文)要求及撰写规范指出:本科毕业论文的中文摘要约500—800字左右(限一页)。外文摘要内容与中文摘要一致。
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摘要的文体要求
本科毕业论文的摘要撰写应遵循准确、简明、清楚、完整的原则。准确是指内容上要忠实于原文。简明是摘要文体的一个重要特征。在英文摘要中要使用正规英语、标准术语,避免使用缩写词汇,也不能使用图表和表格。清楚是指使用简洁的正规英语将论文的论题、实验方法、试验结果、结论等用有限的字数表达出来,做到不遗漏、不重复、不带有感情色彩和意义不确定的词语,也不使用祈使句或感叹句。摘要的内容要完整,在摘要中应说明论文的主要内容,不能使用论文的导言来代替摘要的内容。
1、摘要的要素
本科毕业论文的摘要属于信息性摘要。信息性摘要比指示性摘要要长许多,描述更具体详细,更具实用性。因此,信息性摘要更不宜在论文完成之前或研究工作完成之前撰写。前面我们提到科技论文的摘要一般由4个组成部分。每个组成部分的内容应如下展开。
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研究的目的(Objective and Purpose)
研究的目的主要说明研究、制造、调查等的前提、目的和任务,涉及的主题范围或本文解决的主要问题。
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研究的过程与采用的方法(Process and Methods)
主要指作者的主要工作过程及采用的技术手段或方法,包括所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、手段、仪器仪表或软件等。在此部分,作者应尽可能详细描述出具体过程、变化规律、有效措施等,对新技术手段应清楚描述其基本原理、应用范围及所达到的精度和误差等。
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主要结果或发现(Results)
这里指作者在此研究工作过程中或使用论文的研究方法最后所得到的主要结果或发现,它是摘要最重要的部分。结果部分应力求简明而富有信息性,可以是实验或研究所得的实验数据、实验结果,也可以是理论成果,还可以是观察到的主要现象与结果以及得到的效果和性能等。
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主要结论和推论(Conclusion)
这里指的是结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用范围和应用情况以及存在的问题等。这部分主要阐明研究成果蕴含的意义,特别阐明这种意义是怎样与研究目的相联系的。但是结论应力求精确、直接、详细、明晰。
信息性摘要范文:下面这篇题为钢水余热烧结衬瓷法制备耐磨喷嘴工艺研究的我校2003级一名同学的本科毕业论文摘要就基本符合以上要求。现将这一论文摘要的英汉版本介绍给大家。
Title: Technology of Making Wearable Nozzle by Sintering
Lining-Ceramics with Surplus Heat of Molten Steel
Abstract (英语版)
Ceramic material has a long history, and now it has become the focus in the field of modern material science because of its good wear-resistance, thermal stability, inoxidizability, and electromagnetic characteristics. (背景引言)
The object of this study is to make a wearable material by sintering lining-ceramics on the surface of casting with the heat produced by molten steel during the process of solidification. The methods are as follows: the nano-ceramic powder is mixed with metal powder according to certain proportion and to form the compound powder by heating method; the compound powder is smeared on the appropriate part of the inner surface of the casting mold; and as the molten steel is filled into the mold, the layer of the compound powder will be sintered on the surface of casting. The layer of lining-ceramics integrates with matrix metal closely and enhances wearable properties of casting effectively. (研究目的、研究过程与采用的方法)
Al2O3 ceramic powder is heat-resistant and economic in price, so nano-powder of Al2O3, SiO2, Cao and other ceramic powder were used as the metal-ceramic compound powder. In order to assure good integration between the layer of lining-ceramics and base body materials, metal nickel powder which has small wetting angle with base metal was used in the experiment. (采用的材料)
A great breakthrough on the technology of lining-ceramics by sintering with surplus heat of molten steel has been gained by a lot of experiments, and the compound powder has been sintered on the surface of casting. Compared with other technology of lining-ceramics, this technology has excellent characteristics: energy-saving, easy operation, smooth and neat surface of the casting with few air holes. In fact, this technology has reached such a degree that it can be applied in production. The abrasion test indicated that the layer of lining-ceramics has excellent properties of wear-resistance. SEM analysis shows that the layer of lining-ceramics forms an integrated boundary with base metal, and a compound grade also forms along the direction of upright to plane of lining-ceramics. The ceramic layer integrated with base body metal in a mode of chemical bond, so the integrated strength between them is greatly heightened. (研究结果、发现,及结论)
摘要(汉语版)
陶瓷材料具有悠久的历史,并以其良好的耐磨性、耐热性、耐腐蚀性和电磁特性成为当今材料界瞩目的焦点。
本课题研究的对象是制备一种耐磨材料。该材料是在铸件表面烧结一层衬瓷层, 烧结的能量就是利用钢水烧铸时必须散出的热量。具体做法是将纳米陶瓷粉与金属粉料混合,利用加热方法使之形成复合粉料。将一层纳米陶瓷复合粉料涂敷于铸造模型内表面的适当部位。钢水浇铸过程中,借助钢水热量将粉料烧结并与金属表面牢固结合实现表面衬瓷。衬瓷层可以提高铸件的耐磨性能。
本实验选用氧化铝、氧化硅、氧化钙等纳米粉料制成复合陶瓷粉料。氧化铝陶瓷耐高温、耐磨、且价格低廉。为保证铸件的金属基体与复合陶瓷结合牢固,选用与陶瓷润湿角小的镍粉作为原料之一。
经过大量实验,余热烧结衬瓷技术研究有了重大突破。利用钢水的余热,成功将陶瓷粉料衬在集体金属表面。与其它衬瓷方法相比,这一技术节约了能源,简化了衬瓷工艺,而且衬瓷面平整,与铸造金属表面相近,气孔比较少,达到可以应用的程度。经磨损试验证实,衬瓷式样耐磨性能很好;经扫描电镜分析,衬瓷层与基体金属形成致密且带有成分梯度的界面。衬瓷层与基体金属以化学健方式因而极大提高了衬瓷层的结合强度。
2、摘要撰写的基本步骤
摘要一般应在完成论文后撰写。撰写摘要一个可行的办法是:先将论文通读,寻找出论文中关键的句子和要点,然后串联在一起,并经过深入加工编写出简明而又综合的摘要。撰写摘要的具体步骤如下。
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以写摘要为目的,阅读全文,拟定草稿。
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找出引言部分的目的和讨论部分的结论;
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找出方法部分包含的关键词的信息,并将其精简为关键词和短语,使之足以确定论文所用的方法;
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找出讨论部分或结果部分的结果;
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根据以上信息,写出一个摘要的草稿。
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以准确简练为目的,修改草稿。
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检查摘要的4要素是否齐全,补充忽略掉的重要信息;
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重新组织第一个句子,可以用 “this paper”或“this study”开头,使之以论文中的新信息(而非概括性的主题)开头;
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添加适当的过渡词语,改进段落与各句之间的过渡或转折关系,使之成为有机的整体,提高可读性;
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校订准确性,以确保数据、量、值、符号等与正文中的一致。修订在英语语法、单词拼写和标点符号中出现的错误。
3、摘要首句的撰写
许多摘要在一开始的引言(introduction)部分对论题提出的背景(background)作以介绍。但一般的背景信息对于类似研究的论文是相同的,同一学科的论文摘要含有相同的背景信息,所以,当摘要过长时,背景介绍可以写得短些。摘要的首句可以从陈述研究的目的(subject or object)开始,用“this paper,”“this study,”“this research”引出介绍。
摘要中表示研究目的的常用句型如下:
(1)The (primary) purpose of this study(paper) was to… 本研究(本文)的(主要)目的是……
(2) The object (aim) of this study(the present research)was to… 本研究旨在……
(3) This (The present) study was designed (undertaken) to…本研究旨在……
(4) In this study, an attempt was made to (attempts were made to)… 在本研究中,我们试图……
例1: This object of this paper was to examine the problem of inefficient reading comprehension with non-English major college students, and tackles the problem with the teaching method of integrating grammatical information into lexicon teaching.
例2: This paper explores the potential role of family socioeconomic factors in school achievement outcomes at two separate periods in the life course — early in childhood and during late adolescence.
4、摘要中表示研究方法与结果部分的撰写
研究的过程与方法这部分内容依赖于论文的创新性和重要性,重点是介绍新的重要材料与方法:新设备、新程序、新化合物、新分析方法以及对老设备程序分析方法的改进等等。结果是研究同行最关注的部分,因而结果部分常常占摘要的主要部分。
1).表示研究方法的常用句型如下:
(1) The method used in our study is…
我们的研究使用的方法是……
(2) The technique we have applied is… 我们使用的技术是……
(3) The procedure can be briefly described as…
这一步骤可以概括描述为……
(4) The experiment, consisted of three steps, is described in…
这一试验有三个步骤, 在……给以描述.
(5) The fundamental features of this theory are as follows…
这一理论的基本特征如下……
2).表示研究结果的常用句型如下:
(1) The data obtained suggest that…
所取得的资料表明……
(2)The analysis strongly suggests that…
这一分析有力地指出……
(3) These findings indicate that… 这些发现表明……
(4) It is concluded that… 结论是……
(5)These results demonstrate that 这些研究结果证明……
(6) We conclude that… 我们的结论是……
(7) The authors are of the opinion that… 作者的意见是
(8) In conclusion,we state that…总而言之,我们的结论是……
5、结论部分的撰写
结论通常采用直接陈述的方式。如:
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It is concluded that special theories positing status frustration are required to account for moral-reform social movement adherence.
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In broad terms, the results favor some form of an open model of the magneto-tail and are inconsistent with diffusive entry of protons across a closed magneto-tail field with a time constant substantially greater than a few minutes.
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The study suggests that the concept of cultural capital can be used fruitfully to understand social class differences in children’s school experiences.
6、语态和时态
本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写在注意以上主要问题的同时,还要注意以下有关语态和时态的应用要求。
1)、语态
学术论文的英文摘要主要是说明事实,被动语态使用较多。但由于主动语态比被动语态语感强,表达有力,可能情况下可尽量使用。但是,由于摘要一般很短,尽量不要混用各种语态,特别不要在一个句子中混用语态。
2)时态
(1)介绍背景资料时,如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实,应使用现在时。如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述,则使用现在完成时。
(2)在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时,如果采用“论文导向”,多使用现在时 (如:This paper presents…); 如果采用“研究导向”,则多使用过去时 (如:We investigated…)。
(3)介绍研究过程中所进行的活动,介绍研究的方法和结果时,一般都用过去时态。这是因为作者在撰写论文时,研究工作业已结束,研究过程中所作的一切已成为过去, 即“研究导向”。
但也有的科技论文的摘要在概述试验程序、方法和主要结果时,使用的是现在时,即“论文导向”。
(4)介绍本文的内容一般用现在时。介绍作者的结论,提出的建议或讨论时要用一般现在时,因为科学的结论往往具有普遍真理的性质。
三、本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写常见问题实例分析
1、本科毕业论文摘要撰写在内容与结构方面的常见问题
本科毕业论文摘要的主要结构和内容在上文中已经提及,它是作者对研究目的、研究过程、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括,摘要的首段也包括对选题背景的简单介绍。目前,本科毕业论文的摘要撰写在这方面的主要问题是结构不够完整,未能概括论文的研究目的、研究过程、研究方法和研究结果。许多本科毕业论文的摘要对选题的背景知识介绍过多;有的背景介绍占了摘要一半以上的篇幅;有的摘要四分之三的篇幅都是背景知识介绍,只是在最后一段介绍了一下论文的研究目的。事实上,摘要中的选题背景介绍并不是一个必需的部分,当摘要过长时常被省略。因此,花很大篇幅介绍选题的背景不仅浪费了大量版面,也破坏了摘要应有的结构,降低了信息的传播效果。
2、本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写在语法方面的常见问题
这里所说的语法包括句法和词法两个部要分。可以说,句法、词法方面的错误仍是目前本科生毕业论文英文摘要撰写方面的主要问题;而这些问题主要还是表现在“完整性”(unity)、“连贯性”(coherence)、和准确性(accuracy)等方面上。下面就结合英语句法和词法的相关要求,对本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写的典型问题进行实例分析和归纳,并提出相应的修改意见。
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完整性要求及问题实例分析
这里我们首先简略回顾一下英语句法的几个概念:
(1)英语的句子成份包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、和表语。
(2)按照主谓结构的多少和其构成关系的不同,英语的句子可分成简单句、并列句、复合句、和并列复合句
(3)英语最基本的句型有:
A.主语+谓语 B. 主语+谓语+宾语
C.主语+系+表语 D. There be句型
完整性要求体现在两个方面:一是一个句子在语法结构上必须完整,特别是主谓结构必须完整;二是一个句子只能表达一个完整的思想。写出语法上正确的句子是英文摘要撰写的最基本要求。句法的正确是说句子结构要符合英语句型的要求,词法的正确是说对词的选择和使用要准确恰当。一个英语句子语法结构不完整的最大问题就是主谓不全, 这样的问题英文叫“sentence fragments”, 汉语称其为“破句”。目前本科毕业论文英文摘要中出现的句法错误许多是这方面的;其中有的是缺少主语,有的是缺少谓语,有的是主谓结构混乱不清。
还有的句子违反了一个句子只能表达一个完整思想的原则;把几个思想串到一起,之间没有恰当的断开或另起一句。这样的问题英文叫 “run-on sentences”, 汉语称其为“串句”。下面我们从本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写的常见错误中举出一些典型实例进行分析, 并提出修改建议。
(1) 主谓语不全
(汉语原文) 永磁无刷直流电动机(BLDCM)是随着电机控制技术、电力电子技术、微电子技术的发展和新型永磁材料的出现而出现的一种新型电机。
(英语原文) Permanent magnet brushless DC motor (BLDECM), as the motor control technology, power electronics technology, the development of microelectronics technology, and a new type of permanent magnet material and the emergence of a new type of motor. (问题分析:无主语、无谓语, 机械对译)
(修改建议) Permanent magnet brushless DC motor is a new type of motor invented with the development of motor control technology, power electronics technology, microelectronic technology, and the advent of new types of permanent magnet materials.
(2) 主谓语混乱
(汉语原文)随着证券市场的不断完善,以及融资渠道的拓展,上市公司可以选择的融资方式也日益增多。
(英语原文) With the constant improvement in the securities market, and expand the financing channels, listed companies can choose the mode of financing is also increasing. ( 问题分析:主谓语混乱,词性有误,意思表达欠准确)
(修改建议) With the constant improvement of the security market and the expansion of financing channels, listed companies have more and more modes and methods of financing to choose from.
(3) 主谓语混乱不清,并把多个思想放到一句话中表达
(汉语原文)本文对图形图像处理系统的发展现状和所采用的主要技术进行了详细分析,确定了相应的结构和主要功能, 以及实际开发中所采用的技术。
(英语原文) This article the main technology which and used the graph picture processing system development present situation has carried on the multi-analysis, had determined the corresponding structure and the main function, as well as in the actual development adopted technology. (问题分析:主谓结构混乱,多个思想放到一句中,建议分成两句)
(修改建议) This article makes a detailed analysis of the present situation of the development of the graph and picture processing system and the main technology adopted. Besides, it also explains the corresponding structure, its principle functions, and the technology in practical development.
(4) 无主句
(汉语原文)其次,研究相关芯片的工作原理和接口后,绘制完成两种电机测量方法的电路原理板和电路版图。
(英语原文) Next, after researching correlation chip the principle of work and the related connection, has planed completely two electrical machinery measuring technique the electric circuit schematic diagram and electric circuit board. (问题: 无主语, 误置修饰语)
(修改建议) Next, based on the research of the working principle of corresponding chips and connections, two kinds of electric circuit schematic diagrams and electric board charts of electrical machinery measuring technique have been drawn.
(5) 无主句
(汉语原文)项目开发过程中,首先进行系统架构的分析与设计。
(英语原文) In process of project developing, do analysis and designing of system structure.
(问题:无主句, 建议改成被动语态或加上主语 “We”)
(修改建议) In the developing process of the project, the analysis and design of the system structure were made first. (or: In the developing process of the project, we at first made an analysis and design of the system structure.)
(6) 无主句
(汉语原文)通过需求分析、代码实现测试等过程,为沈阳蓝光公司开发了一套企业库存信息系统。
(英语原文) Through needs analysis, code realization, and testing process, develops a set of enterprises stock management information system for Shenyang Blue Light Company. (问题:无主句,)
(修改建议) Through demand analysis, code realization, and testing process, we developed a set of information system for enterprises’ stock management for Shenyang Blue Light Company.
(7) 主谓结构混乱
(汉语原文)随着我国手机用户的不断增多和移动技术的不断发展,手机作为新型的载体,开始承载广告赋予的使命。
(英语原文) As Chinese mobile users growing and mobile technology unceasingly developing, mobile phone took the emerging carrier begins to carry the mission which given by advertisement. (问题:汉语词序的对译,主谓结构混乱)
(修改建议) With the increase of mobile users in our country and the development of mobile technology, mobile phones as new carriers of information begin to take on the mission of advertisement.
(8) 主谓不全
(汉语原文) 本文首先简要介绍了传统自行车的发展趋势和存在的缺点,同时也介绍了本车的驱动方式,该车的设计巧妙地利用了圆的切线为设计的出发点。
(英语原文) In the beginning of the paper simply introduce the developing trend of traditional bike and the current shortcomings, at the same time, the paper introduces the driving manner of the bike, its design smartly use circle cutting line as the beginning point of the design. (问题:首句无主语,意思交织,词序混乱,前后不一致)
(修改建议) This paper first simply introduces the developing trend of traditional bikes and their current shortcomings. At the same time this paper also introduces the driving manner of this new type of bikes, in the design of which the circle cutting line is used as the starting point.
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连贯性、准确性要求及问题实例分析
一个句子的连贯性(或一致性)主要体现在要避免出现(1)平行结构错误、(2)误置修饰语错误、(3)前后次序混乱,意思表达不清、(4)垂悬修饰错误、(5)模糊指代错误。同时,一个句子的连贯性要求句子的主语和谓语之间,句子的各部分之间在5个方面的一致:时态的一致、语态的一致、人称的一致、单复数的一致、和语气的一致。准确性要求句子在语法正确的前提下,注意措辞要恰当,意思表达要准确。下面我们从本科毕业论文英文摘要撰写的常见错误中举出一些典型实例进行分析, 并提出修改建议。
(1) 句子平行结构错误
(汉语原文)设计主要分几个部分:桥梁结构方案比选、主梁截面设计、内力设计、预应力钢束设计、主梁截面验算、桥梁下部结构的设计及验算等。
(英语原文) The design work including the selection of the program, main beam design, internal force calculation, pre-stressed reinforce design, checking of the main beam cross section and design and checking the lower structure of the bridge.(问题分析:无谓语,平行错误)
(修改建议) This design mainly includes six parts, such as the selection of the program, design of the main beam, calculation of the internal forces, design of the pre-stressed reinforce, checking of the main beam cross section and design and checking of the lower structure of the bridge.
(2) 误置修饰语
(汉语原文) 淀粉是一种价格低廉,应用广泛的可再生性资源,但随着现代科学技术的发展,淀粉的单一结构和性能满足不了工业发展的需要,人们就开始研究变性淀粉。
(英语原文) Starch is a cheap, renewable, extensive application resource. But with modern scientific and technological advancement, the single structure and properties of starch can not meet the need of industry development. So people began to study the modified starch. (问题分析:误置修饰语, “so”, “but”使用不当)
(修改建议) Starch is a cheap and renewable resource with wide applications. However, with the development of modern science and technology, single structure and properties of starch can not meet the need of industrial development. Therefore, people have begun to study modified starches.
(3) 语态不一致
(汉语原文) 首先,我们根据设计要求绘制了系统原理图,并根据原理图确定了设计方案。
(英语原文) First, requested to draw the system principle according to the design, making sure the design project according to the principle diagram.(问题分析:主谓结构不清,前后语态不一致)
(修改建议) First, we drew out a diagram of the system principle according to the requirement, and then designed the project according to the diagram of the system principle.
(4) 每个句子过短,思想表达不够连贯
(汉语原文) 本论文阐述了MP3播放器的发展状况,提出了课题开发的意义和任务,并且介绍了有关MP3设计相关的技术知识,着重介绍了MP3的编码和解码等内容。
(英语原文)This thesis introduces the current research status of MP3. Also the significance of the research work and the research task are given. And technology information for reference are introduced. The code and decode are also discussed in detail. (问题分析:每个句子太短,思想表达不够连贯)
(修改建议)This paper introduces the current status of the development of MP3 players and the significance and task of this project. It also introduces the corresponding technologies of the design of MP3, and the code and decode of MP3 in detail.
(5) 措辞不当
(汉语原文)随着园林景观的发展,人文关怀概念在设计中的应用越来越广泛。
(英语原文) Along with the development of landscape, the humanities design concept also becomes more and more extensive. (问题分析:措辞不当,意思表达不准确)
(修改建议) With the development of landscape gardening, the concept of humanistic care has been taken into considerable account in design.
(6) 误置修饰语错误
(汉语原文) 在过去几十年的研究表明多向感应电机调速系统具有非常强的竞争能力。
(英语原文) Over the past several decades of research show multiphase induction motor speed control system has a very strong ability to competing. (问题:误置修饰语,意思表达不清)
(修改建议) Researches done in the past several decades (定语)have shown that the speed control system of multiphase induction motors is very competitive..
(7) 词序混乱,意思表达不清
(汉语原文)本文从居民区项目策划与管理的起源入手,根据居民区项目的发展历程,详细分析了国内居民区项目的现状及存在的问题.
(英语原文) From community planning and management of the start of origin, according to community development project, the paper analysis on the internal community of the status of projects and problems. (问题:主谓不全,词序混乱,意思表达欠准确)
(修改建议)This paper makes an analysis, from the origin of community planning and management, of the present situation and existing problems of the community projects in China according to its developing process.
(8) 词序混乱,意思表达不清
(汉语原文)虚拟现实技术可以使建筑师的设计方案从二维平面图延伸为空间三维图像,在建筑物与周围环境所构成的整体场景中可以立体地观摩。
(英语原文)Virtual reality can design information from the planar space to the three-dimensional image, in the overall scene which the building and the surrounding environment constitute can be three-dimensional observation. (问题:句子结构不清,词序混乱,意思表达欠准确)
(修改建议) The technology of virtual reality can help architect design from planar space to three-dimensional image, so that the overall scene of the building and the surrounding environment can be observed three-dimensionally.
(9) 措辞不当
(汉语原文)本文通过对保释制度历史的、全面的、比较的考察,分析其诉讼价值与理论基础,并结合我国国情,提出借鉴保释制度、构建我国保释制度的设想。
(英语原文) In this essay, I make a historic, overall, and compared study on the bail system, and analyze the theory and litigation value of bail system. Based on the above study, I make an advise on how to construct our bail system in China at last. (问题:主语用 “I” 在论文摘要中不常见,用词不妥,意思表达欠准确)
(修改建议) In this essay, an comprehensive study has been made about the bail system historically and comparatively; and through an analysis of the litigation value and theoretical basis, an assumption has also been made about how to construct the bail system in China according to its condition.
(10) 措辞不当,表达欠准确
(汉语原文) 本文共分四个部分,主要从营销的角度来分析比亚迪汽车的成功和其中存在的问题。
(英语原文) This article divides into four parts, mainly analyzes from the marketing angle compared to Asia enlightens the automobile the success and existence question. (问题:句法和词法错误)
(修改建议) There are four parts in this paper; and it mainly analyzes, from marketing angle, the reasons for the success of Biyadi Automobile and problems the company facing.
四、本科毕业论文英文摘要常用句型
Group One:
1、对……作一分析/研究/比较
make an analysis of …
make a study of …
make a comparison of A with/and B
make a comparison between A and B
2、对…...作一介绍/描述/解释
give an introduction to
give a description of
give an explanation of
3、对……的研究/分析/比较表明
A study of … shows that …
|
A analysis of … shows that …
A comparison between A and B shows that…
A comparison of A with/and B shows that…
4、我们必须……
It is necessary for us to do …
We must do …
5、我们能够……
It is possible for us to do …
We can do …
We are able to do …
We are capable of doing … |
Group Two:
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值得注意的是……
It is worth noting that …
What is worth noting is that …
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必须解这个方程把未知数求出来。
It is necessary to solve the equation
for the unknown.
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直接应用这个定律我们可以得到……
Direct application of this law yields/gives/
produces/results in/leads to … |
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可取的/恰当的做法是……
It is well/proper/appropriate to do …
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我们想要……
We wish to do …
One wishes to do …
It is desired to do …
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Group Three:
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本书已经出版三年了。
It is/has been three years since this book was published.
This book was published three years ago.
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已知……, 我们就能求出……
Given …, we can find out …
Knowing …, we can find out … |
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现有的数据
the data available
the data we have/possess
the existing data
the current data
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该理论认为……
The theory holds/maintains/claims/
implies that …
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所产生/得到的方程
the resulting equation
the resultant equation
the equation which results
|
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有证据表明……
There is evidence that …
There is evidence to show/indicate/
suggest that …
7、(存在)有 ……
There is/are …
…is/are available/present.
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显然……
It is clearly/obviously/evident/apparent that …
Clearly/Obviously/Evidently/Apparently, …
… is/are in evidence.
注: 句型中斜线连接的词是可以替换的同义词或近义词, 使用时应从中选取一词。以下相同,不再说明。 |
Group Four:
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下面,……
In what follows, …
In what is to follow, …
In the following, …
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我们具有 ……
We have/possess/are in possession of …
3、A随B变化的曲线图
the graph/plot of A as a function of B
the graph/plot of A versus/against B
the graph/plot of the dependence of A on B
the graph/plot of the variation of A with B
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这个理论来源于……
The theory comes/stems/emerges/originates from …
The theory is obtained/provided/furnished from …
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本章论述了 ……
This chapter deals with …
This chapter treats/describes/discusses …
This chapter involves/covers/concerns …
This chapter is devoted to …
This chapter is concerned with …
This chapter is confined to … |
Group Five:
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这一方法与现有的方法相比有许多优点。
This method has many advantages over those available (over the existing ones.)
This method is advantageous in many aspects (as) compared with those available.
This method is advantageous in many aspects (as) compared with the existing ones.
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我们做了许多试验来检验这一理论。
We have performed/done/made/conducted a number of experiments
to test/verify/prove/check the theory.
3、把M代入N, (我们)得到 ……
Substituting M in/into N, we have/obtained/get …
Substituting M in/into N gives/produces/yields/results in/leads to …
Substitution of M in/into N gives/produces/yields/results in/leads to …
4、与 …… 成正/反比
be directly/inversely proportional to …
vary directly/inversely with …
depend directly/inversely as …
be in direct/inverse proportion to …
5、 所得结果与计算机模拟相吻合。
The result obtained agree with/is in agreement with/in consistent with/
is in line with/fits into the computer simulation.
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输入可用下面的等式表示。
The result can be represented/expressed/given/denoted by the following equation.
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Group Six:
1、…… 得到了广泛应用。
… is/are widely used.
… is/are in wide use.
… is/are widely in use.
… find(s) wide use/application.
2、 这个参数表明 ……
This parameter is an indication of …
This parameter gives an indication of …
This parameter is indicative of …
This parameter indicates …
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该实验未能说明 ……
The experiment failed to show …
The experiment failed to demonstrate …
The experiment has not shown …
The experiment has not demonstrated …
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毫无疑问 ……
There is no doubt/question that …
Beyond doubt/question, …
Without doubt/question, …
No/Out of doubt, …
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Group seven:
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这种方法的突出优点之一在于它的简单。
One of/Among the great advantages of this method is its simplicity.
One of/Among the great advantages of this method is that it is very simple.
2、…… 保持不变。
… remain(s)/stay(s) constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.
… is/are kept/held/maintained/left constant/the same.
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这些数据帮助我们得出结论 ……
These data lead us to a conclusion that ….
These data enable us/lead us to conclude that …
On the basis of these data, one/we can conclude that…
From these data, it can be concluded that …
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这个方程式适用于 ……
This equation holds true for/is true for/is valid for/ holds for /applies to …
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这与 ……没有 (几乎没有; 有一点; 有很多) 共同之处.
This has nothing/little/something/much in common with …
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Group Eight:
It is known that… 我们、大家知道……
It is well known that… 众所周之 ……
It is said that… 人们说, 据说 ……
It is reported that … 据报道 ……
It is believed that … 据信 ……
It can be seen that … 可以看出 ……
It has been shown that … 已经表明 ……
It has been found that … (人们) 已经发现 ……
It must be remembered that …必须记住 ……
It must be pointed out that … 必须指出 ……
It should be noted that … 必须注意 ……
It must be emphasized that … 必须强调 ……
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What is desired is …
人们所希望的是 ……
What has been described is …
上面所描述的是 ……
What has been discussed is …
上面所讨论的是 ……
What should be pointed out is …
应当指出的是 ……
What must be emphasized is …
必须强调的是 ……
What must be noted is …
必须注意的是 ……
What is important is …
重要的是 …… |
Group Nine:
1、A与B之间的关系可用C表示。
A and B are related by C.
A is related to B by C.
The relation(ship) between A and B can be given/expressed/denoted/represented by C.
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我们成功地 ……
We have succeeded in doing …
We have been successful in doing …
We have successfully done …
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最好是 ……
It is (most) desirable to do …
It is (most) desirable that …
It would be best if …
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前面的例子表明 ……
The previous/proceeding/foregoing
example shows …
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(本文) 对……做了研究/分析。
A study /An analysis has been made of … |
Group Ten:
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这引起了 ……
This causes/results/leads to/brings about/
gives rise to …
2、这是由 …… 引起的。
This is due to/resulted from/arises from/
is caused by/is the result of …
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其数值范围为0.3 ~ 0.9 。
Its values range/vary from 0.3 to 0.9.
Its values range/vary between 0.3 and 0.9.
4、…… 在 …… 范围之内/外。
... falls/comes/goes/lies/is within/beyond…
5、这一点应引起我们的重视/关注。
This should attract/arouse/gain/receive/
have our attention. |
Group Eleven:
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问题的关键是 ……
The key to the problem is …
The crux/heart/essence/main aspect of the problem is …
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这需要进一步研究。
This deserves/bears/requires/demands/calls for
further research/effort/study/work/investigation. |
3、……分成两大类。
… fall into/are divided into/ are classified/are of two major/general/broad/main
classes/groups/kinds/types/categories.
There are two major/general/broad/main groups/classes/categories of …
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在下一章, ……
In the following/subsequent/next chapter …
In the chapter which follows/to follow …
5、…… 曾提出了这个问题。
… put forward/raised/posed/advanced/formulated/brought up this problem.
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Group Twelve:
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他们根据……而提出了这一理论。
They put forward/developed/proposed/advanced/suggested/created/constructed/formulated/
elaborated this theory, which is based on/rested on/proceeds from ….
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该方程表明 ……
This equation indicates/implies/shows/suggests/demonstrates/reveals/
establishes/bears out that …
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该项研究的主要目的在于 ……
The chief/main/primary/major/principle
aim/purpose/object/objective/goal of the study is …
The study has been started in the hope of/that …
The study has been started with the view to do …
The study has been started in order to do …
The study has been started to the end that …
The study has been started so that …
The Study is intended/designed to do …
Performing the study, we hope that …
Performing the study, we intend to do …
Performing the study, we expect to do …
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4、…… 的体积各不相同。
… are different in size (= are of different sizes )
… vary/differ in size.
…come in different/various sizes.
5、这是与 …… 有关的问题。
This is a problem concerned with …
This is a problem concerning …
This is a problem related to …
This is a problem relating to …
This is a problem dealing with …
This is a problem bearing on …
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