毕业设计（论文）英文摘要撰写指南

毕业设计（论文）英文摘要撰写指南发布时间：2019-06-14 14:02:18

毕业设计（论文）英文摘要撰写指南
为进一步规范本科毕业设计（论文）英语摘要的写作，提高撰写质量，特制定毕业设计（论文）英文摘要撰写指南，供撰写英文摘要时参考。
一、英文摘要撰写的几条原则
1．汉英对译原则
　中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性，从毕业生所撰写的英语摘要来看，存在两个误区，一是认为内容“差不多就行”或为了“好写”，在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，造成文摘重心转移；二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往造成英文摘要用词累赘、重复，拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但也不意味着一个字也不能改动，可有所出入。
2. 行文风格
英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，一般包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。英文摘要的撰写应简明扼要，不属于上述“四部分”的内容不必写入。比如，在撰写英文摘要时可写出方法名称，而不必描述其操作步骤。另外，在写作英文摘要时，要避免过于笼统的、空洞无物的一般论述和结论。要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述你的方法、过程、结果和结论，这样既可以给读者一个清晰的思路，又可以使你的论述言之有物、有根有据，使读者对你的工作有一个清晰、全面的了解。
3. 特殊字符
特殊字符主要是指各种数学符号、上下脚标及希腊字母。在摘要中尽量少用或不用特殊字符及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式，改用文字表达或文字叙述。缩写字及首字母缩写词，如radar、laser、CAD等为大家所熟知的，可以直接使用。对于那些仅为同行所熟悉的缩略语，应在其首次出现时用全称。
4. 时态与语态
英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用；用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等多用一般现在时。不管是过去还是现在，涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，要用一般现在时；叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等过程)等，要用一般过去时。
采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。因摘要的篇幅较短，尽量不要随便混用，要么主动、要么被动，不要在一个句子里混用。
二、英文摘要常用词汇与句型
由于摘要的英文表达要求用词简明、层次清楚, 因此掌握一些特定的规范表达，对于摘要的撰写是很有帮助的（原文所选皆为主动语态，有些句子作了被动语态的转换，仔细研读，定会收益）。
    1．开头部分
（1）描述研究背景。常用review,  summarize, present, outline, describe等，例如：
原句：We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.
被动：Evidence is reviewed for this view of addiction and its implications are discussed for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.(注意被动转换句子结构的调整，相对讲，主语不能太长，谓语不能太短，要平衡调整)
    原句：This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues.
被动：Outlined are some of the basic methods and strategies and discussed are some related theoretical and practical issues in this paper. (如果简单的转换成被动语态就会显得头重脚轻，宜用倒装平衡)
（2）阐明写作或研究目。常用purpose,  attempt,  aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达，如：
We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.
To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins.
（3）提出重点内容或研究范围。常用study,  present,  include,  focus,
emphasize,  emphasis,  attention等，例如：
    Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex.
This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.
2．方法部分
（1）介绍研究或试验过程。常用test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等，例如：
    原句：We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony.
被动：N-body simulations are used to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. （此处被动好于主动）
    原句：We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector.
被动：An analysis is presented of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector.(主语割裂式平衡)
    （2）说明研究或试验方法。常用词汇有：measure,  estimate,  calculate等，例如：
     原句：We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC).
    被动割裂：A global model is developed to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC).
    （3）介绍应用、用途。常用use,  apply,  application等，例如：
原句：Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3. 3 of Felsenstein's dnaml program.
被动转换：Based on version 3. 3 of Felsenstein's dnaml program, a maximum likelihood approach is used in Our program.
As an application,  we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30.
    3．结果部分
    （1）展示研究结果。常用show,  result,  present等，例如：
We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis.
    原句：Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system.
    被动：A widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system is suggested in our results.
这是常犯的中式英语，头重脚轻，稍调即可：
A widespread role is suggested in our results for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system
    （2）介绍结论。常用summary,  introduce,  conclude等，例如：
    By means of informal mathematical arguments,  simulations and a series of worked examples,  we conclude that PQL is of practical value for approximate inference on parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model.
    4．讨论部分
（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点。常用suggest,  report,  present,
explain,  expect,  describe等，例如：
     The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p, p'-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor.
    In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character.
    （2）阐明论证。常用support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。例如：
We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent only 1% of the total population.
    These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in the thymus but is not necessary for all forms of apoptosis.
（3）推荐和建议。常用suggest, suggestion, recommend, propose, expect, recommendation, necessity, necessary等，例如：
   The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach.