如何写议论文的摘要

如何写议论文的摘要发布时间：2019-06-27 11:01:33

How to write a summary of an argumentation
（如何写议论文的摘要）
Task 1 Presentation
I The elements of an argumentation（议论文的3要素）

1. a strong statement of opinion. （论点）	(the topic sentences)
2. support for the opinion. （论据）	(supporting sentences)
3. conclusion/suggestions. （结论）	(the purpose of the passage)

概要模板：论点+论据(+结论)
II Methods:
1. Find out the topic sentences/ key phrases
2. Find out the supporting evidences or facts.
3. Find out the words or phrases that appear most frequently.
III The beginning sentence
第一段开头语：

According to the passage, we know…
This article is mainly about…
The writer states that…

4）The passage tells us that…
IV 主题概括法（议论文）Tips:
第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。
第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句), 进行改写: 或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等). 千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句.
第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯；
第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数(30个词左右)。
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。

Task 2 Show a sample of how to write a summary of an argumentation
Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and dangerous. Today the picture has changed. Science has improved transportation and communication facilities a great deal. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical.
Traveling -- whether within one’s country or abroad — brings many invaluable benefits. People travel for pleasure, business or for education and knowledge. In the world of yesterday most people were only able to read about strange and fascinating places across the mountains and seas.
Later, with the coming of the cinema and television, man’s curiosity about faraway places with strange sounding names was further stirred up. Today man’s curiosity can be satisfied in luxurious comfort. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take him where his dreams lie.
We travel to increase our knowledge of the world in which we live. Knowledge obtained from books alone is not enough. New knowledge of different lands and peoples enrich our mind and soul. Books generally do not give us a very true picture of lands beyond our shores. Some of them are even misleading.

扼要概括：找出议论文的基本要素，然后用自己的话表达出来。

论点—观点	Traveling brings many invaluable benefits.(第二段第一句)
论证—理由	People travel for pleasure, business or for education and knowledge. (第二段第二句) We travel to increase our knowledge of the world. (第三段第一句)

Possible version 1:
With the help of science, transportation makes traveling safer and easier, which brings lots of benefits like satisfying man’s curiosity and increasing man’s knowledge of the world.
Possible version 2:
With the help of modern transportation, we can go everywhere we prefer to. Even the journey to outer space is not a dream any more.

Task 3 Practise
                             Passage 1
阅读下面短文, 然后以约30个词概括该文的主要内容。
Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times. Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and get up early, we would be energetic the whole day. So, getting up early is of great importance to us all.
In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions. Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than any other time of the day.
    If we do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning, we can build our bodies and become much healthier.
Also we will have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day if we get up early. However, if we get up late, we will probably have to do everything in a great hurry.
   Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it. If we stick to getting up early every day, we will certainly benefit a lot from it.

[解题过程]
第一步，根据文体, 找出要点。略读短文, 本文是典型的议论文, 第一段为议点, 第二、三自然段为论据, 最后一段为结论, 首尾呼应。论点、论据和结论分别为：

论点	Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit
论据	(1)we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning (2)build our bodies and become much healthier (3)have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day
结论	getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it

第二步, 用自己的话将其表达出来。参考范文为：
(范文1) The passage mainly tells us getting up early in the morning is a good habit that will benefit us a lot. It enables us to have a better memory, healthier body and better preparation for the day.
(范文2) The passage tries to tell us that getting up early in the morning is a good habit that will benefit us a lot, including a better memory, healthier body and better preparation for the day.
(范文3) The passage tells us that getting up early in the morning is a good habit that will benefit us a lot. It enables us to have a better memory, healthier body and better preparation for the day.
Passage 2
阅读下面短文, 然后以约30个词概括该文的主要内容。
Reading is an important activity for many Americans. Today, thousands of men, women and children belong to groups to discuss the books they read.
No one is sure how many Americans belong to reading groups called book clubs. Yet publishers and bookstores report that more and more people throughout the United States are joining them. Most of the clubs work the same way. Members read the same book at the same time. Then they meet to talk about the book. Members may be friends or people who live near each other. Or, they may be people who work together. Some book clubs develop from other organizations. Religious and community groups often establish book clubs.
Some Americans belong to reading groups on the Internet service. These groups include people around the world who communicate about books they read. These people send emails instead of meeting to discuss books. Book clubs may be for only women or only men. Or, they can be for husbands and wives together. Some are family groups where parents attend with their children. Children also may belong to book clubs of their own.
参考范文：
Reading is important for Americans. More and more people are joining book clubs which are formed by different people or organizations and for specific groups of readers.
Task 4 Homework
阅读下面2篇短文，以约30个词概括短文的要点。
Passage 1
Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language. Bit by bit, he makes the right changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way, children learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school teachers never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. They do it all for him.
Teachers act as if the student would never notice a mistake if they did not point it out to him. They act as if the student would never correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teachers. Let the student do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
【写作内容】

以约30个词概况短文的要点；
然后以约120个词就“学生的学习错误该不该纠正”的主题发表看法，内容包括：（略）

参考范文：
The writer thinks that children should learn by correcting their own mistakes instead of having their mistakes corrected by others. So children should be given the chance to work out their own problems.
Passage 2
Students should think now about what extracurricular (课外的) activities they'd like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didn’t previously know.
You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.
Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers you're well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.
The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking.
参考范文：
The author (The passage) discussed the benefits of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people. (30 words)